1. What is ESV?

End-systolic volume (ESV) is the volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of contraction, or systole, and the beginning of filling. It represents the smallest ventricular volume during the cardiac cycle.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the ESV equation:

Where:

• \( ESV \) — End-systolic volume (mL)
• \( EDV \) — End-diastolic volume (mL)
• \( SV \) — Stroke volume (mL)

Explanation: ESV is calculated by subtracting stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped out with each beat) from end-diastolic volume (the amount of blood in the ventricle just before contraction).

3. Importance of ESV Calculation

Details: ESV is an important parameter in assessing cardiac function. It helps in determining ejection fraction, which is a key indicator of heart health and pumping efficiency.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter EDV and SV values in mL. Both values must be valid (greater than 0) and SV should not exceed EDV.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is a normal ESV range?
A: Normal ESV values vary but are typically around 25-35 mL for the left ventricle in a healthy adult.

Q2: How does ESV relate to ejection fraction?
A: Ejection fraction (EF) is calculated as (EDV-ESV)/EDV × 100%. A higher ESV typically indicates reduced cardiac function.

Q3: What conditions affect ESV?
A: Heart failure, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, and myocardial infarction can all increase ESV.

Q4: How is ESV measured clinically?
A: ESV can be measured using echocardiography, cardiac MRI, or ventriculography.

Q5: Why is ESV important in heart failure?
A: In heart failure, ESV often increases as the heart's pumping efficiency decreases, making it an important marker of disease severity.